For centuries, women remained in a subordinate position. However, a transformation in the conditions of Kashmir and specially for Kashmiri women, is believed to have commenced in the early 20th century. This comprehensive shift can be attributed to two main factors. Firstly, societal changes we underway due to rise of political awareness, the expansion of modern education, the dissemination of cultural knowledge, the restructuring of economic institutions and a widespread soci awakening. These developments created a situation in which women became increasingly conscious of their position, particularly in terms of their roles and status within and outside the family. The changing economic landscape marked by industrialization, transportation and communication not only introduced new roles for women but also gave rise to new social norms and expanding beyond domestic spheres to take on professional roles outside their homes.

The shift allowed then to realize their potential, broaden their perspectives and redefine their identities. The traditional role of a housewife gradually transformed into the dual and more fulfilling role of a professional working wife. This narrative illustrates a success story of change in the realms of education, profession, nutrition and health. Education including technical and professional training become available for women from primary to university levels. Women started finding employment in various services, establishments, offices and professional and technical occupations. The combination of education and economic liberalisation has opened up new market opportunities for women, playing a crucial role in the empowerment of Kashmiri women. Presently, women are more attend to their talents and conscious of evolving trends and their own rights. The changes in women's positions and roles have to led shifting attitudes, altered behaviour patterns and the emergence of issues related to their medieval profession.
About f9ce decades ago, traditional Kashmiri society was essentially crime- free. However, today there is firsthand witness to the rise of both minor and major crimes, particularly violence against Women, in Kashmiri Society. Kashmiri Women were subjected to various restrictions and regulations specific to their gender. These constraints aimed to shape their behavior into what was perceived as appreciate for girls, focusing on household chores, culinary expertise and care giving for family members. The initial wave of reforms and modernization in Kashmir dates back to 1863, when Christian missionaries played a pivotal role. Despite facing resistance from local rulers and traditional mindset, the missionaries successfully introduced girls education in the state. The first girls school was established between 1893 and 1895, overcoming, numerous challenges. In the early 20th century, the region witnessed the establishment of its first women's hospital, operated by lady doctors and Nuns.The Govt formed a committe in 1912 to explore the feasibility of opening girls schools.
In 1929, a Muslim school was opened for imparting education to Muslim girls. Despite Govt involvement since 1921 to 1920, very few girls had completed matriculation, attributed to patriarchal norms restricting women's access to public institutions. Some philanthropic efforts, influenced by Europeans, were initiated in collaboration with the Indian Women's Association led by Annie Besant. In 1926, inspired theosophists from Kashmir established the Women's Welfare Trust with the goal of enhancing the well-being of Kashmiri women through educational promotion of home industries and improvement of physical health.
By the end of the 1980's, there was a notable increase in the no of schools and colleges exclusively catering to women. The establishment of Kashmir University in 1948 played a pivotal role in dispelling parental hesitations regarding sending their daughters for higher education, leading to a rise in the No of women pursuing advanced studies. Women asserted their independence, breaking away from stereotypical images and presenting new portrayals of modern and professional Women.
Women NGO's In Kashmir: -
NGO in Kashmir have emerged relatively recently, with the 'Dharmath Trust" being the oldest, established in 1846 under the Royal Patronage of Maharaja Gulab Singh. Presently, NGO's in Kashmir operates in a more structured manner, registering and receiving financial assistance from the Govt and other agencies. Their programs prioritize modern practices, focusing on contemporary issues. Both genders actively participate in NGO activities, leading to significant positive changes in various areas, including domestic violence. Many NGO's in Kashmir, particularly those dedicated to Women's empowerment such as " Markezi- Behboodi Khawateen, Majlis -un- Nisa and Unami- Nasratul Islam and Kashmir Women's Organisation.
Begam Akber Jehan :- Founded the Jammu and Kashmir Markazi Behboodi Khawateen in 1975, a safeguard organisation under the Societies Registration Act 1988. The primary objective was to empower women from marginalized background by providing financial assistance, literacy education, training in Arts and Crafts, Healthcare and Social Security. The organisation aimed to ecomically empower these women, fostering self respect, the protection of rights.
Majlis-un- Nisa JK:-
Established on 1970 in Sopore, this organisation focuses on promoting the overall well-being of Women in the state. The NGO extends its support to a significant No of disabled individuals, widows, orphans, deserving students and destitute women, covering areas medical, educational and social welfare training.
Anjumani-Nusratul Islam:- Established in 1899 in Rajouri Kadel Srinagar. The primary objective is to provide religious, social and moral education to Muslim Children, protecting cultural, social and moral reform within Muslim Society.
In the case of Kashmiri Society, several changes have arisen the readjustment phase, including an alarming increase in domestic violence, a growing demand for employment and issues related to social status. The surge in domestic violence case in Kashmir is a concerning trend, impacting even educated and economically independent women. The complex socio- political situation, thus further intensified the problem. Violence against Women can take various forms, physical, sexual and psychological. In addition to direct violence, the insurgency in Kashmir has resulted in deaths of loved ones, leading to the disintegration of families is viable socio economic units. Addressing these complex challenges requires concerted efforts and support systems to empower and uplift Women in Kashmir.

Email;---------------------------sofimudasir786.is@gmail.com